On 1 October 1999, the Judicial Yuan of the Republic of China in Taiwan, in its interpretation 490, held that the physical differences between men and women and the resulting differentiation of roles in their respective social functions and lives would not make the writing of men merely a violation of the Constitution of the Republic of China. [95] [(see discussion) Verification required] Although women are not enrolled in Taiwan, transgender people are exempt. [96] In total, eight million men were enlisted in both world wars, as were several hundred thousand young single women. [209] The introduction of conscription in May 1939, before the start of the war, was partly due to pressure from the French, who stressed the need for a large British army to oppose the Germans. [210] From the beginning of 1942, single women between the ages of 19 and 30 were recruited. Most were sent to factories, but they could volunteer for the Auxiliary Territorial Service (ATS) and other women`s services. Some women served in the women`s army: initially volunteers, but later conscription was introduced. However, women who were already in skilled employment considered useful to the war effort, such as a telephone operator of the general post office, were invited to continue working as before. None of them were assigned to combat roles unless they volunteered. Until 1943, women were exposed to some form of directed work at the age of 51. During the Second World War, 1.4 million British men volunteered for service and 3.2 million were enlisted. Conscripts made up 50% of the Royal Air Force, 60% of the Royal Navy and 80% of the British Army. [211] Beginning in 1250, Egypt was ruled by the original Bahari Kipchak dynasty.

Caucasian slaves served in the army and formed an elite corps of troops. They eventually revolted in Egypt to form the Burgi dynasty. The excellent fighting skills of the Mamluks, the massed Islamic armies and the overwhelming number managed to defeat the Crusader Christian fortresses in the Holy Land. The Mamluks were the most successful defense against the Mongol Ilkhanate of Persia and Iraq before entering Egypt. [20] Lithuania abolished its conscription in 2008. [193] In May 2015, the Lithuanian Parliament voted to reintroduce conscription, and the conscripts began their training in August 2015. [194] From 2015 to 2017, there were enough volunteers to avoid conscription of civilians. [195] Norway introduced conscription for women in 2015, making it the first NATO member to have legally compulsory national service for both men and women.

[79] In practice, only motivated volunteers are selected to join the army in Norway. [84] Every man capable of bearing arms, with himself, is required to contribute to the defense of his country in accordance with the rules established by law. — Constitution of Denmark[173] Conscription at an extended age was common during World War II: in Britain, it was commonly referred to as “conscription” and was extended until the age of 51. Nazi Germany called it Volkssturm and included 16-year-old children and 60-year-old men. [27] During World War II, Britain and the Soviet Union enlisted women. The United States was about to enlist women in the Nurse Corps because it expected it would need additional personnel for its planned invasion of Japan. However, the Japanese capitulated and the idea was abandoned. [28] Greece imposes conscription on all male citizens between the ages of 19 and 45. In August 2009, the length of compulsory service was reduced from 12 months as before to 9 months for the army, but remained at 12 months for the navy and air force. The number of conscripts assigned to the latter two has been considerably reduced with a view to full professionalization.

Nevertheless, compulsory military service in the army was again increased to 12 months in March 2021, unless he served in units in Evros or the northern Aegean islands, where the duration was maintained at 9 months. Although full professionalization is envisaged, serious financial difficulties and mismanagement, including delays and reduced rates in hiring professional soldiers, as well as widespread abuses of the postponement process, have led to the postponement of such a plan. Some modern authors claim that military service in Europe was limited to the small nobility of landowners. These Thegns were the landed aristocracy of the time and had to serve with their own armor and weapons for a number of days a year.