He describes that West Germany has been using and experimenting with doping in sport since the 1950s, like its East German neighbor. Today, there are so many performance-enhancing drugs (PDDs) like exercise, and it`s a big task to keep track. In 1999, an internationally independent organization, the World Anti-Doping Agency (WADA), was founded. It works to coordinate the fight against doping in sport at the international level and is supported in this task by organisations around the world such as the Australian Sports Anti-Doping Authority (ASADA), the United States Anti-Doping Agency (USADA) and many others. Screening for anabolic steroids has come a long way since the 1970s, when basic radioimmunological assay GLOSSARY Radioimmunological assay (RIA) is a sensitive method of measuring very small amounts of a substance in the blood. Radioactive versions of a substance or isotopes of the substance are mixed with antibodies and inserted into a patient`s blood sample. The same non-radioactive substance in the blood takes the place of the isotope in the antibodies, thus releasing the radioactive substance. The amount of free isotope is then measured to see how much of the original substance was in the blood. Techniques were used. Today, anabolic steroids and their by-products in the urine can usually be detected quite easily with the help of mass spectrometry. However, since testosterone occurs naturally and its levels in the body fluctuate daily and can vary from person to person, setting a threshold at which an athlete “uses” anabolic steroids remains a matter of debate. Testosterone and a related compound, epitestosterone, are excreted in the urine of the body. When an athlete takes testosterone or its precursors (supplements that the body can convert into testosterone), the ratio of testosterone to epitestosterone (the T/E ratio) may increase.

Before WADA, the International Olympic Committee declared that an athlete is guilty of doping if his urine sample has a T/E ratio greater than 6. There are problems with this test. For example, British athlete Diane Mohdahl`s four-year ban on competition was lifted after showing that a high T/E ratio detected in her urine sample may have been caused by bacterial contamination. Another problem is that some athletes have been shown to have a naturally high T/E ratio, so the threshold of 6 could be set too low. Alternatively, athletes with a naturally very low T/E ratio cannot exceed 6, even if they take a testosterone supplement. Today, anti-doping laboratories use the combined technique of gas chromatography GLOSSARY Chromatography technique to separate a mixture by passing it in solution or suspension through a medium in which the components move at different speeds. –Mass spectrometry (GC-MS) in combination with gas chromatography-combustion-isotope ratio-mass spectrometry (GC/C/MRI). It is an analytical method that combines the properties of gas chromatography and mass spectrometry to identify different substances in a test sample and effectively detect differences in the ratio of carbon isotopes in different compounds. This technology makes it possible to distinguish testosterone, which is naturally produced by the body (endogenous) and what is the result of synthetic (exogenous) compounds. The blood test detects illegal drugs to improve performance by measuring indicators that change with the use of recombinant human erythropoietin:[108] argues that anti-doping authorities have not properly defined and published how they arrived at the criteria used to determine whether a test result is positive or not.

Calibrated in part by testing a small number of volunteers taking the substance in question. [Berry argues] . that individual laboratories should check these detection limits in larger groups, which include known dopers and non-dopers in blind conditions that mimic what happens during the competition. [119] The Athlete Biological Passport is a program that tracks an athlete`s location to combat doping in sport. [111] This means that the athlete can be monitored and controlled for the drug wherever they are, and this data can be compared to the history of their doping test results. [112] There is an ongoing discussion about how this measure can be considered a violation of an individual`s privacy. [112] Based on Pollack`s admission, the U.S. Olympic Committee called for the redistribution of gold medals won at the 1976 Summer Olympics.

[63] Despite court rulings in Germany supporting allegations of systematic doping by some East German swimmers, the IOC Board of Directors announced that it had no intention of revising the Olympic record books. With the rejection of the US petition on behalf of its women`s medley relay in Montreal and a similar petition from the British Olympic Association on behalf of Sharron Davies, the IOC has made it clear that it wants to prevent such calls in the future. [64] Lucidi, F., Mallia, L., Alivernini, F., Chirico, A., Manganelli, S., Galli, F., et al. (2017). The effectiveness of a new school media education intervention on doping attitudes and the use of dietary supplements among adolescents. In front of-. Psychol. 8:749 doi: 10.3389/fpsyg.2017.00749 The 1998 Tour de France was the subject of controversy when the entire Festina team was disqualified after the discovery of several hundred boxes of EPO and other doping products in the team`s car. Since then, the EPO has continued to be associated with the event, as Lance Armstrong`s admissions in 2012 show that the EPA has been used in his seven Tour victories. Other sports associated with EPO use include boxing (Shane Mosley, 2003), 50 km walking (Alex Schwazer, 2012) and athletics (Rashid Jacobs, 2008). The Australian Sport Anti-Doping Authority (ASADA) notes that “ABP differs from conventional detection methods by looking for the effects of blood doping rather than detecting prohibited substances or methods used. The advantage of this approach is that the biological effects of a performance-enhancing agent are usually present and detectable over a longer period of time than the agent itself.

The information collected from the ABP is used in conjunction with traditional testing methods and provides managers with additional data to help them determine an athlete`s possible guilt or innocence. Kirby, K., Moran, A., and Guerin, S. (2011). A qualitative analysis of the experiences of high-performance athletes who admitted to doping to increase their performance. J. Sports policy. 3, 205–224. doi: 10.1080/19406940.2011.577081 International Olympic Committee [IOC] (2017). Updated IOC meeting on anti-doping efforts. Available at: www.olympic.org/news/ioc-session-given-update-on-anti-doping-efforts The report highlights systematic doping in many sports over the decades, which is in part similar to the state`s doping program in East Germany during the Cold War.

Keywords: anti-doping, performance-enhancing drugs, politics, cycling, athletics, elite sports, deterrence theory Benzedrine is a trade name for amphetamine. The Council of Europe claims that he first appeared in sport at the 1936 Olympic Games in Berlin. [24] It was produced in 1887 and the benzedrine derivative was isolated by Gordon Alles in the United States in 1934. Its perceived effects gave it the street name “speed”. British troops used 72 million amphetamine tablets during World War II[2] and the RAF went through so many that “methedrine won the Battle of Britain,” according to a report. [25] The problem was that amphetamine caused a lack of judgment and risk-taking, which could lead to better athletic performance, but resulted in more crash landings in fighters and bombers than the RAF could tolerate. The drug was withdrawn, but large stocks remained on the black market. Amphetamine was also legally used as a weight loss aid and also as a thymoleptic before it expired due to the appearance of new remedies in the 1950s. Lance Armstrong was world number one in 1996.

That same year, he recovered from severe testicular cancer and continued to break records, winning his seventh Tour de France in 2005. After beating cancer and breaking records, he was accused of doping. [Citation needed] Lance`s teammates had been caught taking EPO (erythropoietin), which added to the allegations against Armstrong. [83] For this reason, as we have seen, we also consider the value of health on which we must base the prohibition of doping. In order to prevent asymmetries from forming, i.e. only a few adhere to the prohibition and then safely lose, it is necessary to include the rule of equity, or rather to establish fairness as an enforceable rule.20 Since doping is the predominant strategy, unless there is a binding rule, we can conclude that simple remedies without institutional provisions will have no effect. and will lead to the erosion of moral attitudes in the long run.21 This is not intended to discredit moral appeals in general.22 Moral appeals from institutions that provide information on possible health risks or the consequences of a breach of competition rules must be supported by enforceable rules that ensure that those who comply with competition rules are not disadvantaged. If the law cannot effectively prohibit something, measures cannot be taken against it, for example, in the case of potentially harmful substances that cannot be detected in the body of an athlete. This is also reflected in the moral commitment: people can only be legally obliged to refrain from an act considered immoral if the application of such a rule can be guaranteed for all parties concerned. Someone cannot be morally required to (not) do something if it cannot be legally enforced.