of the federal executive. 9 We find its legal basis in Article 80 of the Federal Constitution, which provides that the executive power is deposited in a single person, who is always called: “President of the United Mexican States”. Civil rights and education: As part of the culture of slavery, nineteenth-century legislators passed laws against black education. Laws that deprived people of the opportunity to improve themselves were a blatant but effective way to keep an entire people in slavery. While some landowners, out of self-interest, provided rudimentary writing, reading, and arithmetic instructions to domestic slaves, others forbade such learning altogether, and flogging or other corporal punishment could be imposed for violations. The only Southern states that allowed landowners to train slaves before the Civil War were Kentucky, Maryland, and Tennessee. Since Southern blacks outnumbered landowners in many Southern states, there was almost mass hysteria behind legislation to keep blacks uneducated and prevent rebellion. The National Science Foundation Act of 1950 established the National Science Foundation (NSF) as an independent agency. NSF funds scientific and technical research projects and educational programs and actively promotes the dissemination of information in the fields of science and technology. Congress also sought to initiate educational research activities when it passed the Cooperative Research Act of 1954. The purpose of the Act was to enable the Department of Education to promote cooperative research by state colleges, universities, and ministries of education. One of the top funding priorities began with research on mental retardation. Yet the same Supreme Court ruling also recognized that states have the power to regulate all schools reasonably.

This includes the power to inspect, supervise and audit schools at all times and to ensure that teachers are sufficiently qualified. [11] States also have the power to require that “certain studies which are manifestly essential to civics be taught and that nothing be taught that is manifestly prejudicial to the common good.” Therefore, states have the power to exercise considerable oversight over what is taught in private schools and by whom. Basically, the power of the state is to require students to have a certain number of hours, for a certain number of days per year, from a certain minimum age (for example, from the age of six or five) to a maximum age (often sixteen) and to learn from a state-approved curriculum from a state-licensed teacher or teaching platform. Three years later, the growing colony of Connecticut followed suit, its code derived from that adopted in Massachusetts. Not only the parents, but also the teachers, who were responsible for the children who were contractual servants, had to send their protégés to school. Fines were imposed for non-compliance. Laws remained in effect in Connecticut and Massachusetts until independent state constitutions were written for the two former colonies after the American Revolution. Parents in the colony of Virginia also had to send their children to school because schooling was compulsory. Not sending your children meant running into the courts of Virginia. One of the most important themes in early twentieth-century education was creationism. States have passed laws in favor of a citizen`s “right” to take Genesis literally in relation to creation, abandoning Charles Darwin`s theories about the natural evolution of humans from smaller species.

In 1925, the Scopes monkey trial exacerbated the problem, in a case against John Scopes, who taught the theory of evolution and thus violated Tennessee`s anti-evolution law. Although former presidential candidate and feisty lawyer William Jennings Bryan won the case, there was great public and press sympathy for defense attorney Clarence Darrow and Scopes. The report of the satirist H. L. Mencken on the Scopes process led many Americans to view religion in general with skepticism and to speak enthusiastically about the need to keep churches out of state affairs. Nevertheless, rebellions ensued. A rebellion in South Carolina in 1739 resulted in the murder of 75 slaves, and a subsequent rebellion in Charleston in 1822 was also crushed with loss of life. The abolitionist movement in the South and activists` efforts to educate the Beger of the South suffered a major setback in 1831 when a bloody rebellion known as the Southampton Insurrection convinced landowners that slave training should be controlled or banned. Nat Turner, a slave from Southampton County, Virginia, staged a revolt with dozens of runaway slaves who wanted freedom at all costs. In the end, the rebellion was crushed and Turner was executed. The third article of the Political Constitution of the United Mexican States and the General Education Act (1993) are the main legal instruments governing the education system and laying the foundations for the education system.

The state may also allow students to be homeschooled or attend a new variant that has emerged in recent decades, a form of homeschooling backed by a private online education provider. This last form of schooling is called “cyber schooling”. [12] These processes can and are also regulated by the state. In our federalist system, the federal government has traditionally had very little involvement in education. This is reflected in the fact that many state constitutions make education a fundamental obligation for state governments, but the federal constitution does not mention education at all. In addition, the U.S. Supreme Court ruled in 1973 that education is not a fundamental right, as the Fourteenth Amendment in the United States. The Constitution protects. [4] Fearing that the United States would lose its power and prestige in the space race with the Soviets after the launch of Sputnik in 1957, Congress provided additional funds for educational research under the National Defense Education Act (NDEA) in 1958. Among other functions, the NDEA has approved student loans and other financial support for higher education, particularly in the fields of science, mathematics and modern languages.

Another problem and funding was educational television and other media. In Indiana in 1850, many legislators not only wanted to ban new settlers with a “drop” of black blood from settling in the state, but many also wanted to pass a colonization attempt to banish existing blacks from Africa. Even legislators who opposed such legislation as unconstitutional sometimes commented on what they perceived as the “inferiority” of blacks. The laws of Indiana and Illinois allowed for the creation of non-integrated schools for Caucasian students. Thanks to the Magna Carta, freedom of education is guaranteed and it is determined that the educación primaria It will be mandatory, since the State is obliged to grant access to all residents of the country. The interests of the many actors in the education system are reflected in the now universal laws on compulsory education. Not only is the government legally obliged to provide public education as a service to students and their parents,[6] but parents are required by law to send their children to school, and these children are required by law to participate. [7] This commitment shows that education benefits the whole community, not just families and children. [8] Families also have a free interest in controlling the curriculum of school education. About a century ago, in Meyer v.

Nebraska, the Supreme Court struck down a Nebraska law that prohibited private schools from teaching in a language other than English. [14] The purpose of the law was to prohibit the teaching of German and the teaching of German as a foreign language because of the intense anti-German sentiment that arose during World War I. This status affected many local parochial schools, which often taught students in German. The Court noted that while the state has broad power to set educational standards to “improve the quality of its citizens,” individuals retain certain fundamental rights, including the right to learn and speak languages other than English. Although not drafted as a First Amendment case, the court has suggested in recent years that the Meyer decision could be interpreted as protecting the rights to free speech and expression. [15] Although not recognized as federal constitutional law, given the importance of education, there is a federal constitutional law that treats education laws equally. This was the basis for the decision to abolish schools in Brown, as well as the basis for a series of laws designed to ensure equal educational opportunity for all children, regardless of race, religion, gender and disability.